基于表型多样性构建向日葵核心种质

为鉴定评价我国向日葵（Helianthus annuus L.）种质资源在南方地区的表现，筛选构建向日葵核心种质，以422份向日葵种质为材料，在进行2年鉴定观察的基础上，采用描述性统计、相关性分析、主成分分析等方法对11个表型农艺性状进行分析评价。结果表明，原始群体的这些农艺性状具有较大的变异幅度，其变异系数（CV）为3.60%~83.32%，平均变异系数为20.93%，其中分枝株率（0%~62.5%）、单株粒重（9.70~232.35 g）、百粒重（4.60~14.92 g）、叶片数（14.40~48.38个）和株高（103.75~260.00 cm）变异幅度较大；性状间表现出显著的相关性，主成分分析表明，影响性状的4个主要成分解释了总方差的71.72%。采用QGAstation 2.0软件构建了72组核心种质候选群体，并根据均值差异百分数（MD）、方差差异百分率（VD），极差符合率（CR）和变异系数百分率（VR），获得组获得1组包含84份材料的最佳核心种质群体。聚类分析将84份核心资源分为5大类，与原群体相比，所选核心种质均值无显著差异，方差显著提高，能最大限度代表原始油葵种质资源保存和利用。     

Phenotypic plasticity of two invasive alien plant species inside a deciduous forest in a strict nature reserve in Italy

ABSTRACT

Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) represent one of the main biological threats to biodiversity worldwide. Information about their phenotypic plasticity are needed to increase awareness about their future invasive potential. A study about phenotypic plasticity in response to contrasting light regimes and its quantification by a plasticity index (PI) of two IAPs (Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia) inside a Strict Nature Reserve was conducted. R. pseudoacacia showed a 70% higher PI, with a strongly greater value at morphological leaf level, associated with a greater ability to survive and grow in forest understory, explaining its greater widespread. Otherwise, A. altissima showed its highest PI at physiological level, which was associated with the ability to colonize and grow in environments with high-light regimes. Based on these results, the conservative management has limited the presence of A. altissima by its lower ability to grow in forest understory. In fact, the small-scale gaps in the forest infrastructure, that could allow its recruitment, are originated only from the death of a single tree or small group of trees. Regarding R. pseudoacacia, it is critical to maintain this type of management because any disturbances resulting in large openings could further promote its presence inside the Reserve.     

油菜角果数量及关键表型参数的自动化检测方法研究

为有效替代人工方式考种油菜、观测角果,研究了一种用于测量批量角果的数量和关键表型参数的自动化检测方法。设计了角果散铺和图像采集装置,利用拨动加振动的方式将堆积角果均匀散开并拍摄视频;使用二维码作为标记块,以有效地提取关键帧并拼接为包含全部角果的整幅图像;提出了基于凹点提取与匹配的图像分割方法,分割各种形态下的重叠角果,准确率达到98%以上。在关键表型参数测量中,利用了最大类间方差法以判断角果的正置或侧置姿态,以此估计角果横切面的近似椭圆长短轴,再计算角果的长度、表面积和体积。实验结果表明该方法具有很好的检测精度,对不同品种的油菜适应性较好,长度、表面积和体积的估计误差分别不大于2.9%、4.8%和5.0%。该方法可以有效替代人工方式的油菜考种,为相关农业科研领域提供基础数据。     

大别山山核桃果实与叶片性状的表型多样性研究

[目的]探讨大别山山核桃天然种群的表型多样性,为种质资源收集、优选、改良提供理论支持,为大别山山核桃的开发利用奠定基础。[方法]从19个大别山山核桃天然种群中选取198个单株,测定其果实和叶片的表型性状共16个,采用巢式方差分析,单因素方差分析,相关性分析,非加权配对算数平均法(UPGMA)等方法揭示大别山山核桃表型性状与地理分布的关系及其变异规律。[结果](1)大别山山核桃的16个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),表明大别山山核桃的表型多样性非常丰富;(2)各表型性状的变异范围为1.64%-26.59%,平均变异系数为9.63%;果实表型与叶片表型的种群内平均变异系数分别为6.16%和15.42%,果实表型平均变异系数较小,性状相对稳定;(3)表型性状间的相关性分析表明,性状间达极显著相关的有60对,达显著相关的11对;(4)种群间和种群内的平均方差分量百分比分别为49.28%和17.53%,平均表型分化系数为66.25%,表明大别山山核桃表型变异主要来自种群间;(5)当距离系数为0.04时,19个种群被分为4类,聚类情况基本与经度的变化一致。     

中国硬叶兜兰主要分布区居群表型多样性分析

研究基于硬叶兜兰（Paphiopedilum micranthum）表型变异，通过相关性、主成分以及聚类等分析，对9个硬叶兜兰野生居群的22个表型性状指标进行了调查研究，探究硬叶兜兰居群间及居群内表型多样性，为硬叶兜兰资源的进一步保护和利用奠定基础。结果表明：硬叶兜兰在居群间具有丰富的表型多样性，居群内变异较少。平均表型分化系数（Vst）为64%，居群间表型分化高于居群内表型分化。22个性状的平均变异系数（CV）范围为9.52% ~ 31.48%，9个居群平均变异系数为14.55% ~ 18.51%，在表型间差异显著，在居群间差异不显著。主成分分析表明，花纵径等花部性状和株高等营养性状是硬叶兜兰变异的主要因素。Pearson相关性分析表明，株高、中萼片长和花瓣长与大部分性状都呈现显著正相关；冠幅、叶片数等营养性状与海拔存在显著正相关性，而花横径、花纵径等生殖性状与海拔存在显著或极显著负相关性。聚类分析结果表明，9个居群可以聚类为3个类群，和硬叶兜兰地理分布距离一致。     

Root architecture of sorghum genotypes differing in root angles under different water regimes

Plant root architecture offers the potential for increasing soil water accessibility, particularly under water-limited conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the root architecture in two genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) differing in root angles and to assess the influence of different deficit irrigation regimes on root architecture. The response of two sorghum genotypes, ‘Early Hegari-Sart’ (EH; steep root angle) and ‘Bk7’ (shallow root angle) to four irrigation treatments was investigated in two replicated outdoor studies using large pots. The results indicated that EH possessed steeper brace and crown root angles, fewer brace roots, greater root biomass, and root length density than Bk7 at deeper soil depths (i.e., 15–30 and 30–45 cm) compared with a shallower depth (i.e., 0–15 cm). Across the soil profile, EH had greater root length density and length of roots of small diameter (<1 mm) than Bk7. Accordingly, EH showed more rapid soil-water capture than Bk7. Different levels of irrigation input greatly affected root architecture. Severe deficit irrigation (25% of full crop transpiration throughout the season) increased the angle and number of crown roots, root biomass, and root length density compared with 75 and 100% of full crop transpiration treatments. Consequently, root system architecture can be effectively manipulated through both genotypic selection and irrigation management to ensure optimal performance under different levels of soil available water.     

云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型多样性分析

为了系统分析云南籽粒苋种质资源的表型遗传多样性。采用遗传多样性指数、主成分分析、相关分析和聚类分析对104份云南籽粒苋种质资源的30个表型性状进行研究。结果表明,遗传多样性指数最高的质量性状和数量性状分别是主花序形状(1.68)和主花序长度(2.07)。前10个主成分累计贡献率达到73.944%,单株鲜体重与第3、第6、第9主成分极显著正相关,单株粒重与第9主成分极显著正相关。聚类分析将104份种质划分为5类,第Ⅰ类群可为间套种亲本材料,第Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群可为大粒亲本材料,第Ⅳ类群可为优质饲用亲本材料,第Ⅴ类群可为观赏类亲本材料。云南籽粒苋种质资源表型性状具有丰富的遗传多样性,有较大的开发利用潜力。     

Selection efficiency of high inorganic phosphorus-low stachyose lines from soybean breeding populations of different genetic backgrounds

Reducing the antinutritional components of soybean (Glycine max) seed is necessary for producing animal feed with increased metabolizable energy and nutrient availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate marker-assisted and phenotypic selection for the high inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and low stachyose traits controlled by the Lpa and MIPS1 mutations in six breeding populations. Phenotypic selection for low phytate individuals carrying Lpa mutations using Pi was reliable, but the assay should include parental genotypes to construct thresholds before performing selections, as the effect of Lpa on Pi depends on genetic background. Phenotypic selection for low phytate individuals carrying MIPS1 using Pi should be complemented with sugar data because selection based solely on Pi may be inefficient, as this trait is not environmentally stable in MIPS1 germplasm. Marker-assisted selection for simple sequence repeat (SSR) linked to Lpa2 (Satt527, Satt561) depended on the pedigree of the population suggesting that perfect markers (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphism) should become the molecular tool for screening a large number of progenies with high efficiency.     

白菜型冬油菜萌动种子低温春化的生理生化特征

【目的】探讨白菜型冬油菜萌动种子低温春化的可能性,以及萌动种子春化过程其生理生化状态和植株结实性等表型变化特征,为白菜型冬油菜人工加代繁育和加速育种进程提供理论基础。【方法】以3个不同感温性的白菜型冬油菜品种为材料,于4℃对油菜萌动种子进行春化处理,春化处理过程中（0、20、30、40、50和60 d）测定萌动种子的硝酸还原酶、抗氧化物酶活性、渗透调节物、丙二醛含量等生理生化指标;同时播种各春化处理萌动种子,观察记录种子形成植株的生育期进程、测定植株结实性能等。【结果】随着春化处理时间的增加,白菜型冬油菜萌发种子形成的植株春化率、初花期株高、成熟期株高、一次分枝数、单株角果数、角果长、角粒数、单株产量等总体呈逐渐升高趋势;春化处理前期（0—40 d）,植株结实性能在不同品种间表现较明显差异,春化时间增加后（50—60 d）,不同品种结实能力虽略有差异,但均无显著差异水平。回归分析结果显示,在4℃条件下,强冬性冬油菜陇油7号萌动种子完全春化（春化率>95%）需处理76.9 d,陇油9号和天油4号分别为54.0和39.4 d。相关分析结果表明,春化率与株高、结实性能等各表型性状均呈极显著正相关,其中与初花期株高、成熟期株高相关系数最大为0.947和0.985,表明白菜型冬油菜春化程度显著影响着植株株高、结实性能等。随低温春化时间增加,白菜型冬油菜萌动种子硝酸还原酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖呈先升高后降低的趋势,过氧化氢酶活性呈不断降低趋势。与对照（未低温处理的萌动种子）相比,低温春化处理的陇油7号、陇油9号萌动种子GA₃含量均明显降低,春化30 d的天油4号萌动种子GA₃含量明显比对照增加。与对照相比,春化处理的冬油菜萌动种子IAA含量均明显增加（陇油9号春化40 d处理除外）,其中,春化50 d的天油4号萌动种子IAA含量比对照增加197.0%。陇油7号春化处理的萌动种子ABA含量比对照明显增加。【结论】白菜型冬油菜萌动种子可以感受低温使其完成春化作用,品种春化所需低温时间取决于品种冬性强弱;低温春化过程中,白菜型冬油菜萌动种子生理生化状态发生了一些变化,并最终影响植株的生长发育及其结实性能。